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DOI: 10.46698/VNC.2022.85.46.003
IMMIGRATION, SETTLEMENT AND ADAPTATION OF THE NORTH CAUCASIANS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE 2ND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX c.
Chochiev, Georgy V.
Izvestia SOIGSI. 2022. IIS 46 (85).
Abstract:
The clarification of a number of aspects of the North Caucasian muhajirism of the 2nd half of
the 19th and early 20th centuries remains a fairly urgent task. This article briefly characterizes the
major issues of immigration, colonization and adaptation of the North Caucasians in the Ottoman
Empire chiefly in the light of Turkish archival sources. A periodization of the migration movement is
proposed depending on its intensity and scale, which, in turn, correlated with the degree of rigidity
of the Russian approach to the problem of eviction of disloyal highlanders. Some foreign policy
motives for the choice of places for immigrant settlement by the Porte, determined, in particular,
by the requirements and interests of Russia and England, are clarified. Attention is drawn to the
fact that, despite the undoubted focus of the Ottoman authorities on the fast transformation of the
settlers into a productive agrarian element, there was a steady reduction in the volume of material
assistance provided to them and the terms of tax and conscription exemption due to the pressure
on the state budget caused by these expenditures. Some shortcomings of the Ottoman colonization
policy are considered, which stemmed from the insufficiency of allocated financial resources and
the inefficiency of the administrative-bureaucratic apparatus and which produced the ill-being of
the settlers, their demands to change their areas of residence, land and other conflicts with the local
population, resort to criminal activity, etc. The initial perception by the imperial elite of the North
Caucasians as a loyal element had a significant impact on the processes of their adaptation and
integration in their new homeland, opening up wide access for them to regular and irregular army
units, the police and gendarmerie, as well as to the civil state service.
Keywords: North Caucasus, Ottoman Empire, muhajirism, Circassians, immigration, colonization, adaptation
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